Case Study on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Emissions from Paddy Field in Taihu Region

The agricultural non-point source pollution by nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss from typical paddy soil (whitish soil, Bai Tu in Chinese) in the Taihu Lake region was investigated through a case study. Results shown that the net load of nutrients from white soil is 34.1 kg ha^–1 for total nitrogen (TN), distributed as 19.4 kg ha^–1, in the rice season and 14.7 kg ha^–1in the wheat season, and for total phosphorus (TP) 1.75 kg ha^–1, distributed as 1.16 kg ha^–1 in the rice season and 0.58 kg ha^–1 in the wheat season. The major chemical species of N loss is different in the two seasons. NH₄-N is main the form in the rice season (53% of TN). NO₃-N is the main form in wheat season (46% of TN). Particle-P is the main form in both seasons, (about 56% of TP). The nutrient loss varied with time of the year. The main loss of nutrients happened in the 10 days after planting, 64% of TN and 42% of TP loss, respectively. Rainfall and fertilizer application are the key factors which influence nitrogen and phosphorus loss from arable land, especially rainfall events shortly after fertilizer application. So it is very important to improve the field management of the nutrients and water during the early days of planting.     

湘北红壤丘岗区农业可持续发展问题探讨

从自然资源条件、农业基础设施、后备资源潜力、科技储备等方面剖析湘北红壤丘岗区农业发展的优势；同时阐明了阻碍该区农业可持续发展的主要因素，即土壤肥力普遍偏低、季节性干旱严重、农业生态系统脆弱、资源利用不合理、开发与利用资源的资金短缺、体制缺陷和思想观念陈旧等。提出了10条促进该区农业持续高效发展的技术途径和措施，即：(1)推广农村实用新技术，迅速提高土地生产力；(2)充分发挥“土壤水库”和工程水库的作用，抗御季节性干旱；(3)协调水土矛盾，建立丘岗开发的资源互利型利用模式；(4)全而开展生态农业建设，改善农村生态环境；(5)大力调整农业结构，尽快形成新的主导产业或生产项目；(6)壮大村级集体经济，充分发挥它在现代农业建设中的杠杆作用；(7)以市场为导向，建立农产品商品生产基地，加快农业产业化进程；(8)增强科技投入，充分发挥科技进步的推动作用；(9)建立完善的投资管理和激励机制，提高广大农民参与农业综合开发的积极性；(10)强化农业先进技术的培训和推广，提高农民科技素质。     

基于TOPMODEL径流模拟的黑河水资源探讨

以黑河莺落峡流域的精度30m、地形图比例尺1∶5万的数字高程模型(DEM)栅格网为基础,辅以黑河地区水文站点降水资料,运用PRISM算法内插降水要素,充分考虑高程、地形、距离等因子对降水的影响,在内插结果与实测资料对比精度满意的前提下,使用TOPMODEL对黑河莺落峡流域(10009km2)径流流量进行逐日模拟,模型模拟精度达70%左右。     

Geochemical and biological controls on trace metal transport in an acid mine impacted watershed

Water samples collected in an acid mine impacted watershed indicated that the concentrations of dissolved trace metals were diurnally influenced by mineral saturation, which is controlled primarily by pH and water temperature. Measurements taken suggested that these variations only occur at sample locations immediately downstream from the confluence of acidic and alkaline waters. It is at these locations where initial mineral precipitation occurred and where subtle changes in solubility were most affected, increasing trace metal removal when both the rate of photosynthesis (influencing pH in headwaters) and water temperature were at a maximum. The role of iron photoreduction (increased midday production of ferrous iron) on overall Cu, Mn, and Zn transport was also evaluated, but found to be inconclusive. Iron photoreduction may however influence adsorption and/or coprecipitation of trace metals through associated changes in oxidation state, solubility, and mineralogy of various iron colloids, which are produced upon the neutralization of acidic, metal enriched water. Furthermore, measured values of copper and zinc were compared to relative USEPA chronic criterion for exposure to continuous concentration (CCC) of metals by the calculation of a “toxicity unit” (TU). It was found that average values of both copper and zinc only exceeded the CCC (TU>1) in the acid mine-impacted Leona Creek. In general, zinc toxicity decreased while copper toxicity increased downstream of the confluence of the mine impacted Leona Creek and background Lion Creek (sampled at Lake Aliso), indicating a significant source of zinc in upstream, non mine-impacted samples.     

Zn在两种生态型东南景天体内的分布和对亚显微结构的影响

运用营养液培养和透射电镜观察方法比较研究了Zn在两种生态型东南景天的根系、茎和叶片中的分布特点和亚显微结构的变化.结果表明,在Zn500μmolL-1浓度下,超积累生态型东南景天的上部叶与下部叶Zn含量的比值在1.47~1.67之间,上部茎与下部茎Zn含量的比值范围为1.81~2.11;非超积累生态型则刚好相反,Zn100μmolL-1处理后,其下部叶和下部茎中Zn含量均高于上部叶和上部茎.电镜观察显示,超积累生态型东南景天的叶、茎细胞的液泡中,和叶细胞的细胞壁上均发现一些颗粒物质,因此推断液泡将Zn区室化或沉积在细胞壁是超积累生态型东南景天耐高Zn胁迫和超积累Zn的重要生理机制.图2表2参19     

石灰性土壤环境中缺锌机理的探讨

作者认为石灰性土壤中锌活性较低的原因,是由于碳酸盐导致土壤pH上升,在较高pH条件下氧化铁对锌的强烈固定,造成了大量专性吸附状态的氧化铁结合态锌及部份碳酸盐结合态锌,使交换态的有效锌含量很低,同时还证明:自然的石灰性土壤中,松结有机态锌与碳酸盐结合态是活性锌的直接给源,外源加入的锌仅为松结右机态锌。此外,石灰性土壤中各主要土壤的化学组份对外源锌的固定量高伛顺序为:氧化铁>有机质>粘土矿物>碳酸盐>氧化锰:对土壤中原有锌的固定作用大小依次为:粘土矿物>氧化铁>有机质>氧化锰>碳酸盐。     

中国沿海地区农田生态系统部分碳源/汇时空差异

运用1981-2001年作物产量、农业投入等统计数据,对沿海10个省市自治区农田生态系统部分碳源/汇进行了估算,得到以下主要结论:(1)总碳吸收从1981年以来呈波动增加趋势,总碳排放则呈明显增长趋势.二者相比,碳排放明显低于碳吸收,但由主要途径农业投入导致的间接碳排放的增长速度(94%)超过了作物生育期碳吸收的增长速度(44%).(2)各省市自治区碳吸收、碳排放变化的区域差异显著,单位面积碳吸收、碳排放变化的差异也十分明显.其中,各省市自治区总碳排放和单位面积碳排放基本上逐年增加,表明沿海发达地区农业投入较高;而碳吸收变动幅度较大,发达地区(如浙江、福建和上海等)碳吸收呈下降趋势,反映沿海地区农作物种植面积下降致使农作物生育期总碳吸收量降低.(3)沿海地区农田生态系统主要粮食作物碳吸收占全国比例有所下降,说明沿海地区农业种植面积减少和农业投入增加削弱了农田生态系统的碳汇功能.     

重庆三峡库区生态经济区农业发展水平聚类分析

从重庆三峡库区生态经济区19个区县(自治县)农业生态环境状况,农业生产、经济和社会发展状况,农业可持续发展能力3方面选用20个指标,运用系统聚类分析方法对三峡库区生态经济区农业发展综合水平作出分类评估.结果表明,三峡库区生态经济区农业发展综合水平从高到低依次为都市带动区、四川盆地边缘区、库区中部地区、渝东南少数民族聚居区和三峡库区前沿区.     

Analysis of the effects of zinc pollution on the macro-invertebrate populations of the Afon Crafnant,North Wales

The study of the input draining from mine-waste into the Afon Crafnant, N. Wales, revealed that the most significant pollutant was zinc. The concentrations of zinc were monitored during 1978 and 1979, and spot samples were concentrated and analysed for lead, copper, cadmium, iron, cobalt, manganese and nickel. Analysis was by flame atomic absorption specto-scopy. The total zinc concentration of the input was about 4 mg Zn/l which was diluted by the Afon Crafnant to give mean annual concentrations of 213 g Zn/l and 146 g Zn/l for 1978 and 1979 respectively at a site 60 metres downstream of the input. The numbers of individuals and number of taxa in the macro-invertebrate community were reduced at these concentrations. The taxa affected werePhagocata vitta,Erpobdella octoculata, Oligochaeta,Ithytrichia lamellaris, Simuliidae,Ancylus fluviatilis andRithrogena semicolorata. Several commonly used diversity indices failed to show differences between the macro- invertebrate communities at the affected and control sites whereas a modified version of Chandler's Biotic Score (detailed in this paper) revealed both the acute effects at higher concentrations and the chronic effects at lower concentrations.     

农村蔬菜废物高温好氧降解协同性及动力学

对太湖流域农村典型蔬菜废物进行了高温好氧降解试验,结果表明,好氧降解d14末有机物降解率大小顺序为:叶菜皮>竹笋壳>叶菜皮 竹笋壳>叶菜皮 茭白壳>茭白壳.对于混合物料,叶菜皮 竹笋壳组有机物降解后期(6~14d)存在非协同降解关系,其主要是由于其难降解组分后期降解存在抑制导致而成;叶菜皮 茭白壳则呈独立降解关系.蔬菜废物高温好氧降解符合一级动力学,降解速率常数在0.036~0.100d-1之间,各不同组物料降解速率大小顺序为:叶菜皮>笋壳>叶菜皮 竹笋壳>叶菜皮 茭白壳>茭白壳.统计分析表明,降解速率与物料纤维素初始浓度相关性最好,指数模型拟和效果最优,可作为蔬菜废物高温好氧降解速率常数的经验公式.图3表6参16